mCDI consumes less electricity and has a high water recovery rate, making it more energy-efficient than reverse osmosis (RO) systems. Additionally, it is more effective in removing hardness, which causes scaling, as well as fluoride, which is relatively difficult to eliminate in RO systems. The operating temperature can reach up to 60°C. The 16μm membrane is the thinnest and has the lowest electrical resistance, making it the most energy-efficient and suitable for mCDI and RED applications.

ED is a concentration technology used for recycling. The most common application is wastewater treatment to recover specific ions. Thicker membranes are more efficient for high-concentration applications. The 95μm membrane is ideal for ED applications.

BPED is a high-value technology, especially in lithium production and lithium battery recycling. It also recycles sodium sulfate wastewater to produce caustic soda. The Bipolar membrane is the most important material in BPED systems due to its purity, efficiency, and power consumption.